General Things on Raspbian

Flash Raspberry Pi OS ¹⁾ — ingredients: Raspberry Pi OS & BalenaEtcher

Booting with flashed OS & login with pi / raspberry (default ID/password)

Execute sudo raspi-config to setup initial configuration.

1. Change User Password — Change password for user pi 2. Network Options

• N1 Hostname — Change hostname for server
• N2 Wireless LAN — Setup wireless region, SSID and passphrase for wireless network
• N3 Network interface names — predictable network interface name such as enx78e7d1ea46da vs. traditional name such as wlan0
• N4 Network proxy settings — if necessary

3. Boot Options

• B1 Desktop / CLI — Desktop GUI or Command Line Interface for operation CLI
• B2 Wait for Network at Boot — Booting sequences are not completed without network connection if yes
• B3 Splash Screen — Choose your taste

4. Localisation Options

• I1 Change Locale — Default value is en_GB.UTF-8 UTF-8 , Set both en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 & ko_KR.UTF-8 UTF-8
• I2 Change Time Zone — Asia/Seoul or your place
• I3 Change Keyboard Layout — if necessary but usually pass
• I4 Change WLAN Country — if necessary

5. Interfacing Options

• Disable: P1 Camera, P3 VNC (if use CLI) , P4 SPI , P5 I2C , P6 Serial , P7 1-Wire , P8 Remote GPIO
• Enable: P2 SSH

6. Overclock — Simply pass over

7. Advance Options

• A1 Expand Filesystem
• A3 Memory Split — 32 for console user. less than 32 can cause problem

sudo passwd root 

pi user is build-in account, which means weak point of security. Therefore creating personal userid is recommended.

sudo adduser //userid// 

Append sudoer privilege for userid

Edit /etc/sudoers

# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
userid   ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

Copy all files from /home/pi to /home/userid if necessary (e.g.: .profile .bashrc)

Reboot system and login with userid

Delete pi user

sudo deluser pi 
sudo rm -rf /home/pi 

sudo apt update && sudo apt dist-upgrade -y && sudo apt autoremove

or enjoy every single step

sudo apt update      
sudo apt dist-upgrade -y 
sudo apt autoremove 

Update kernel and VideoCore firmware

sudo rpi-update 

Check attached or plugin devices using

sudo blkid

sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdXY 

NTFS format has little advantage under Linux system but could mount it as well

sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g

Formatting disk with NTFS

mkfs.ntfs -Q -L diskLabel /dev/sdXY

Edit /etc/fstab

Append line(s) with device's UUID or location path /dev/sdXY. strongly prefer UUID with mount pointing

  UUID="dd7c1879-68c5-e9b9-bad6-789d3b8db984"     /(path)/Storage    ext4     defaults          0       0

Reboot the system and check the disk mounted.

Initially install the following packages for convenience.

• tree — The tree is a tiny, cross-platform command-line program used to recursively list or display the content of a directory in a tree-like format.

• vim — vim is a text editor. It can be used for editing any kind of text and is especially suited for editing computer programs.

• iftop — iftop is a real time console-based Linux network bandwidth monitoring

Edit ~/.bashrc and change PS1 line

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]: \[\033[01;33m\]\D{%T}\[\033[00m\] \[\033[01;37m\]\w\$\[\033[00m\] '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \D{%T} \w\$ '
fi

Save and load .bashrc

source ~/.bashrc 

Edit /etc/motd

Live Configuration

Create 20-disks (arbitrary name) and edit in /etc/update-motd.d/

#!/bin/sh
printf "\n"
df -h /dev/sd* --out=target,fstype --output=size,used,avail,pcent --type=ext4
printf "\n"

Script shows the information of the attached disks, which also reminds whether disk is mounted or not.

Mounted on             Type  Size  Used Avail Use%
/home/userid/disk1     ext4  917G  338G  533G  39%
/home/userid/disk2     ext4  458G  307G  128G  71% 

Upgrade video guide | Upgrade Guide

sudo apt update 
sudo apt dist-upgrade 

Check for any system inconsistencies. Perform database sanity and consistency checks for partially installed, missing and obsolete packages

sudo dpkg -C

If no issues are reported, check what packages are held back.

sudo apt-mark showhold

Packages showing On Hold will not be upgraded.

Replace Jessie to Stretch in distribution sources.

sudo sed -i 's/jessie/stretch/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

And update & upgrade with stretch sources. Reboot & check distribution information.

lsb_release -a

Preparing upgrade with keeping up latest

sudo apt update 
sudo apt dist-upgrade -y 

Update Raspberry Pi's firmware,

sudo rpi-update 

After rebooting, modify source list with buster Edit /etc/apt/source.list

deb http://raspbian.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/ buster main contrib non-free rpi

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list

deb http://archive.raspberrypi.org/debian/ buster main

To optimize upgrading process, remove apt-listchanges package

sudo apt-get remove apt-listchanges

Run update and upgrade for buster and it takes a long time.

sudo apt update
sudo apt dist-upgrade

Optional remove (or possible these are supposed to be removed) the followings

sudo apt purge timidity lxmusic gnome-disk-utility deluge-gtk evince wicd wicd-gtk clipit usermode gucharmap gnome-system-tools pavucontrol

Clean and purge repository for update and reboot finally.

sudo apt autoremove -y
sudo apt autoclean
sudo reboot