[Júne's Wiki] rpi_common

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  * {{fa>server?color=#8B0000}} Linux
    * [[rpi_common|■ General Things on Raspbian]]
    * [[rpi_nimbus|𝐍𝐢𝐌𝐁𝐔𝐒 𝕕𝕖𝔹𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕔]]
    * [[debian_common|■ General info on Debian Linux]]
    * [[deb_cicada|𝐂𝐢𝐂𝐀𝐃𝐀 𝕊𝕒𝕩𝕠𝕥𝕦𝕞]]
    * [[deb_mutism|𝐌𝐔𝐓𝐢𝐒𝐌 𝕄𝕒𝕘𝕟𝕦𝕞]] 
    * [[deb_gilead|𝐆𝐢𝐋𝐄𝐀𝐃 𝔸𝕣𝕘𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕒]] 
    * [[deb_symbio|𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐁𝐢𝐎 ℂ𝕠𝕟𝕒𝕥𝕦𝕤]]
    * [[deb_tardis|𝐓𝐀𝐑𝐃𝐢𝐒 𝕊𝕡𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕦𝕞]] 
    * [[deb_debris|𝐃𝐄𝐁𝐑𝐢𝐒 ℂ𝕙𝕣𝕠𝕞𝕖]] 
  * {{fa>windows?color=#0000A0}} Windows
    * [[:pc_common|■ Common Works on Windows]]
    * [[PC_MESONiSM|𝐌𝐄𝐒𝐎𝐍𝐢𝐒𝐌]] 
    * [[PC_MESONiST|𝐌𝐄𝐒𝐎𝐍𝐢𝐒𝐓]]
  * {{fa>android?color=#006400}} Android
    * [[:cell_common|■ Common Stuffs on Androids]]
    * [[CELL_EPiCON|𝐄𝐏𝐢𝐂𝐎𝐍 𝔽𝟙]] 
    * [[CELL_EPiMER|𝐄𝐏𝐢𝐌𝐄𝐑 𝟡]] 
    * [[CELL_EPiLUX|𝐄𝐏𝐢𝐋𝐔𝐗 𝟟]]   
    * [[CELL_EPiTAP|𝐄𝐏𝐢𝐓𝐀𝐏 𝟙𝟙]] 
    * [[CELL_EPiETA|𝐄𝐏𝐢𝐄𝐓𝐀 𝟜]] 
</nav>

====== General Things on Raspbian ====== 

{{:playground:boo_the_bunny_13.png?nolink&200|}}

----

===== First step for Raspberry OS =====

{{mdi>mini-sd?color=#c7053d}} Flash Raspberry Pi OS ((previous called Raspbian)) --- ingredients: [[https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/|Raspberry Pi OS]] & [[https://www.balena.io/etcher/|BalenaEtcher]] 
 
{{mdi>monitor?color=#c7053d}} Booting with flashed OS & login with ''**pi**'' / ''raspberry'' (default ID/password) 

{{mdi>powershell?color=#c7053d}} Execute ''**sudo raspi-config**'' to setup initial configuration. 

{{:manual:raspbi-config.png|}}

==== Setup raspbi-config ==== 

1. ''Change User Password'' --- Change password for user ''pi'' 
2. ''Network Options'' 
  * **''N1 Hostname''** --- Change hostname for server 
  * **''N2 Wireless LAN''** --- Setup wireless region, SSID and passphrase for wireless network 
  * **''N3 Network interface names''** --- predictable network interface name such as ''enx78e7d1ea46da'' vs. traditional name such as ''wlan0'' 
  * ''N4 Network proxy settings'' --- if necessary 

3. ''Boot Options''
  * **''B1 Desktop / CLI''** --- Desktop GUI or Command Line Interface for operation **''CLI''**
  * ''B2 Wait for Network at Boot'' --- Booting sequences are not completed without network connection if yes
  * ''B3 Splash Screen'' --- Choose your taste 

4. Localisation Options 
  * **''I1 Change Locale''** --- Default value is ''en_GB.UTF-8 UTF-8'' , Set both **''en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8''** & **''ko_KR.UTF-8 UTF-8''**
  * **''I2 Change Time Zone''** --- Asia/Seoul or your place
  * ''I3 Change Keyboard Layout'' --- if necessary but usually pass
  * ''I4 Change WLAN Country'' --- if necessary 

5. Interfacing Options 
  * Disable: ''P1 Camera'', ''P3 VNC'' (if use CLI) , ''P4 SPI'' , ''P5 I2C'' , ''P6 Serial'' , ''P7 1-Wire'' , ''P8 Remote GPIO'' 
  * Enable: **''P2 SSH''**

6. <del>Overclock</del> --- Simply pass over 

7. Advance Options 
  * **''A1 Expand Filesystem''** 
  * **''A3 Memory Split''** --- ''**32**'' for console user. less than 32 can cause problem 

==== Manage accounts ==== 

=== Change password for root === 

<code bash>
sudo passwd root 
</code>  

=== Create active userid === 

''pi'' user is build-in account, which means weak point of security. Therefore creating personal ''userid'' is recommended. 

<code bash> 
sudo adduser //userid// 
</code>

Append ''sudoer'' privilege for ''userid'' 

Edit ''/etc/sudoers'' 

<code autoconf>
# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
userid   ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
</code>

Copy all files from ''/home/pi'' to ''/home/userid'' if necessary (e.g.: ''.profile'' ''.bashrc'') 

Reboot system and login with ''userid'' 

Delete ''pi'' user 

<code bash> 
sudo deluser pi 
sudo rm -rf /home/pi 
</code> 

=== Update and Upgrade === 

<code bash>
sudo apt update && sudo apt dist-upgrade -y && sudo apt autoremove
</code> 

or enjoy every single step 

<code bash>
sudo apt update      
sudo apt dist-upgrade -y 
sudo apt autoremove 
</code> 

Update kernel and VideoCore **''firmware''** 
 
<code bash> 
sudo rpi-update 
</code> 

----

==== Mount external disk(s) ==== 

Check attached or plugin devices using 

<code bash> 
sudo blkid
</code> 

=== Format the disk with ext4 ===

<code bash> 
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdXY 
</code>

=== Mount NTFS formatted disk ===

NTFS format has little advantage under Linux system but could mount it as well  

<code bash> 
sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g
</code>

Formatting disk with NTFS 

<code bash> 
mkfs.ntfs -Q -L diskLabel /dev/sdXY
</code> 

=== Disk mount at booting ===

Edit ''/etc/fstab'' 

Append line(s) with device's UUID or location path ''/dev/sdXY''. strongly prefer UUID  with mount pointing 

<code ini>
  UUID="dd7c1879-68c5-e9b9-bad6-789d3b8db984"     /(path)/Storage    ext4     defaults          0       0
</code> 

Reboot the system and check the disk mounted. 

----
==== Configure wireless connection ==== 

<accordion>
<panel title="Under review"> 

  * Check wireless & configuration ''sudo iwconfig'' to find wireless is available. 
  * Change proper configuration with editing ''/etc/network/interfaces'' 

{{fa>warning?size=16&color=#b84592}} Since ''Stretch'', ''/etc/network/interfaces'' is not useless unless stop ''dhcpcd'' service. Use ''/etc/dhcpcd.conf'' instead. 

<code ini>
# Do not use in Stretch 
  allow-hotplug wlan0
  iface wlan0 inet static
    address 192.168.abc.xyz
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 192.168.abc.1
    dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4
    wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
</code>

''Edit'' ''/etc/dhcpcd.conf'' for static IP address
<code ini> 
# Here is an example which configures a static address, routes and dns.
# define static profile
profile static_eth0
static ip_address=192.168.1.23/24
static routers=192.168.1.1
static domain_name_servers=192.168.1.1

# fallback to static profile on eth0
interface eth0
fallback static_eth0
</code>

This configuration is static (fixed) IP with assigned DNS servers. ''fallback'' option is possible to configure a static profile within dhcpcd and fall back to it when DHCP lease fails.

  * Edit ''/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf''  

<code autoconf>
  country=US
  ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
  update_config=1
  
  network={
    ssid="YOUR_SSID"
    psk="YOUR_PRESHARED_KEY_FOR_WIRELESS"
    key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
  }
</code>

  * Gear wireless up 

<code bash>
  sudo ip link set wlan0 down
  sudo ip link set wlan0 up
</code> 

</panel>
</accordion>

---- 

==== Set Google Public NTP ==== 

<accordion>
<panel title="Under review"> 

Use either ''systemd-timesyncd'' or ''ntp'' service. If you wish to use ''ntp''

<code bash> 
  apt-get install ntp 

  systemctl stop systemd-timesyncd
  systemctl disable systemd-timesyncd
  (sudo) /etc/init.d/ntp stop
  (sudo) /etc/init.d/ntp start
</code>

Edit ''/etc/ntp.conf'' and append the following near ''server'' part. 

<code autoconf> 
server time1.google.com iburst
server time2.google.com iburst
server time3.google.com iburst
server time4.google.com iburst
</code> 

restart NTP daemon 

<code bash> 
sudo service ntp reload
</code> 

</panel>
</accordion>

----

===== Maintenance & Operation ===== 

==== Useful packages ==== 

Initially install the following packages for convenience. 

  * ''tree'' --- The tree is a tiny, cross-platform command-line program used to recursively list or display the content of a directory in a tree-like format.

  * ''vim'' --- vim is a text editor. It can be used for editing any kind of text and is especially suited for editing computer programs.

  * ''iftop'' --- iftop is a real time console-based Linux network bandwidth monitoring

----

==== Time stamp prompt ==== 

Edit ''~/.bashrc'' and change ''PS1'' line 

<code bash> 
if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]: \[\033[01;33m\]\D{%T}\[\033[00m\] \[\033[01;37m\]\w\$\[\033[00m\] '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \D{%T} \w\$ '
fi
</code> 

Save and load ''.bashrc'' 

<code bash> 
source ~/.bashrc 
</code> 

----

==== Modify login message ==== 

Edit ''/etc/motd'' 

<button type="danger" size="sm" icon="mdi mdi-message-text">[[https://wiki.meson.one/doku.php?id=secured:motd_raspbian|Live Configuration]]</button>

Create ''20-disks'' (arbitrary name) and edit in ''/etc/update-motd.d/'' 

<code bash> 
#!/bin/sh
printf "\n"
df -h /dev/sd* --out=target,fstype --output=size,used,avail,pcent --type=ext4
printf "\n"
</code> 

Script shows the information of the attached disks, which also reminds whether disk is mounted or not. 

<code ini> 
Mounted on             Type  Size  Used Avail Use%
/home/userid/disk1     ext4  917G  338G  533G  39%
/home/userid/disk2     ext4  458G  307G  128G  71% 
</code> 

----   
==== Move directories & files using rsync ==== 

<accordion>
<panel title="Under review">
''rsync'' is useful command to transfer data from source to destination. 

<code bash> 
  rsync -av --ignore-existing --remove-source-files /.. /source_directory/ TARGET.DOMAINS:/.. /destination_direcotry/ && \
  find /../source_directory/ -depth -type d -empty -delete;
</code> 

''--remove-source-files''   sender removes synchronized files (non-dirs)

''--ignore-existing''       skip updating files that already exist on receiver

After running ''rsync'' command, ''find'' command runs to find and delete empty directories. 
</panel>
</accordion> 

----

==== Upgrade Raspbian from Jessie to Stretch ==== 

[[https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=63&t=184830|Upgrade video guide]]  | [[https://www.52pi.com/blog/7-upgrade-raspbian-jessie-to-raspbian-stretch|Upgrade Guide]] 

<code bash>
sudo apt update 
sudo apt dist-upgrade 
</code>

Check for any system inconsistencies. Perform database sanity and consistency checks for partially installed, missing and obsolete packages 

<code bash>
sudo dpkg -C
</code>

If no issues are reported, check what packages are held back. 

<code bash>
sudo apt-mark showhold
</code>

Packages showing ''On Hold'' **will not be upgraded**. 
 
Replace ''Jessie'' to ''Stretch'' in distribution sources. 

<code bash>
sudo sed -i 's/jessie/stretch/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
</code>

And update & upgrade with ''stretch'' sources. Reboot & check distribution information. 

<code bash>
lsb_release -a
</code>

----

==== Upgrade Raspbian from Stretch to Buster ==== 

Preparing upgrade with keeping up latest 

<code bash> 
sudo apt update 
sudo apt dist-upgrade -y 
</code> 

Update Raspberry Pi's firmware, 

<code bash> 
sudo rpi-update 
</code> 

After rebooting, modify source list with ''buster'' Edit ''/etc/apt/source.list'' 

<code>
deb http://raspbian.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/ buster main contrib non-free rpi
</code> 

Edit ''/etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list'' 

<code>
deb http://archive.raspberrypi.org/debian/ buster main
</code> 

To optimize upgrading process, remove ''apt-listchanges'' package 

<code bash> 
sudo apt-get remove apt-listchanges
</code> 

Run update and upgrade for ''buster'' and it takes a long time. 

<code bash>
sudo apt update
sudo apt dist-upgrade
</code> 

Optional remove (or possible these are supposed to be removed) the followings 

<code bash>
sudo apt purge timidity lxmusic gnome-disk-utility deluge-gtk evince wicd wicd-gtk clipit usermode gucharmap gnome-system-tools pavucontrol
</code> 

Clean and purge repository for update and reboot finally.

<code bash> 
sudo apt autoremove -y
sudo apt autoclean
sudo reboot 
</code> 


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